Building Smarter AI Systems with Modular Neural Networks: Theory, Architecture, and Practice
As AI systems grow in scale and complexity, traditional monolithic neural networks often fall short in adaptability, interpretability, and efficiency. Enter Modular Neural Networks (MNNs) — a powerful design paradigm that divides complex tasks into specialized, cooperative components. In this in-depth guide, we explore how modular architectures work, why they matter, and how you can implement them using PyTorch. From mixture-of-experts and dynamic routing to training strategies and real-world applications, this post walks through the full landscape of modular neural design—complete with mathematical insights, code examples, and a look at the future of scalable, flexible AI.